This is a very debated question which mostly depends on which Christian confession you belong to.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity

Do you have a rough idea how much oil you need for a fossil car and how much lithium for an electric?

You really overestimate the space we have. Here is an overview on land usage: https://ourworldindata.org/land-use

Try to calculate how many people we can have if everyone lives in a si gle family home.

And you need places for other things, such really unimportant ones, as growing food for example.

If people can’t afford good apartments they can certainly not afford good single homes. So what is your point?

Apartments works very different in your country. For me it’s like this:

1. Building companies build apartments, usually they are owned by whoever paided them. That can be a private company, it can also be state owned, a cooperative, or a collection of privates. It’s not uncommen to buy single apartments here. Depending on the constellation you have a say in what is what done in what way. However: cost like garbage collection, tax,… Are always there. No matter if you live in an apartment or single home.

2. Same as 1. Depends on the constellation. Many people living in apartments have a garden plot somewhere else. There are places (close to nature, away from streets) where you can rent a garden and have a place of piece. Quieter than your lawn next to the next house.

3. If apartments are that more dangerous then insurance companies will want more money, sure. As far as I looked for my neighborhood the cost seems to be related to the living area, I. E. Same size same price. So it does not has to be more expensive.

4. Of course can you have sound proofness. Usually here walls are massive and not made out of paper.

5. And houses do? Isn’t it a thing that people steel packages from your doorway/garden in the US? But nevertheless: usually I was friends with other people in the house who could get my parcels for me, like the elderly lady on the ground floor. It does not get safer than that.

6. Yes? Flats are obviously cheaper for the same size as a house. You will not find 500m^2+ appartements, but >200m^2 can be found. How big are your houses usually?

7. Dryer? Balcony? A lot of apartments have an extra room in the basement, or a sun roof.

8. Bike or laundry? What are you on about? A lot of places have an extra bike room. Most of the time you have also your own compartment in the cellar. Bigger apartment complexes here are also required to have room for cars, I.e.you can rent a garage if you really want more space.

9. Same as 4.

I am really not sure if you are trolling or houses work differently in your area.

The offending paper was initially taken down by Preprints.org, a preprint archive run by the academic publisher MDPI

As far as I am aware no country on earth is CO2 neutral, so for these trains the emissions are still positive.